- Title:
- Evaluation of cognitive status, depression levels and sleep disorders of individuals with fatigue after COVID-19
- Author:
Sadiye Gumusyayla1,*, Gonul Vural1, Serdar Barakli2, Rezzan Yıldız1, Orhan Deniz1, Imran Hasanoglu3, Hatice Rahmet Guner3
- Author Affiliation:
1.Department of Neurology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
2.Corum Sungurlu Government Hospital, Corum, Turkey
3.Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Received:Apr.13, 2023
- Accepted:May.15, 2023
- Published:May.23, 2023
Fatigue, post-covid syndrome, cognitive impairment, sleep disorder.
[1] Tenforde MW, Kim SS, Lindsell CJ, Billig Rose E, Shapiro NI, Files DC, et al. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network - United States, marchJune 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2020;69(30):993–998. https://doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110525.
[2] Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L, Wei H, Low RJ, Re’em Y, et al. Characterizing Long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. EClinicalMedicine 2021;38:101019. https://doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019.
[3] Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW, Lee Y, Gill H, Teopiz KM, et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2022;101:93-135. https://doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020
[4] Schou TM, Joca S, Wegener G, By Richter C. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun 2021;97:328-348. https://doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018.
[5] Rudroff T, Fietsam AC, Deters JR, Braynt AR, Komholz J. Post COVID-19 fatique: potential contributing factors. Brain Sci 2020;10(12):1012. https://doi:10.3390/brainsci10121012.
[6] Krupp LB, LaRocca NG, Muir-Nash J, Steinberg AD. The Fatigue Severity Scale. Application to Patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arch Neurol 1989;46:1121–1123. https://doi: 10.1001/archneur.1989.00520460115022.
[7] Armutlu K, Korkmaz NC, Keser I, Sumuloglu V, Akbiyik DI, Guney Z, et al. The Validity and Reliability of the Fatigue Severity Scale in Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Patients. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2007;30:81–95. https://doi:10.1097/MRR.0b013e3280146ec4.
[8] Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:79-83. https:// doi:10.1093/clinids/18.supplement_1.s79.
[9] Armutlu K, Keser İ, Korkmaz N, Akbiyik, D.I., Sumbuloglu, V., Guney, Z., et al. Psychometric study of Turkish version of Fatigue Impact Scale in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci. 2007;255:64-68. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.073.
[10] Selekler K, Cangöz B, Uluç S. Montreal Bilişsel Değerlendirme Ölçeği (MOBİD)’nin hafif bilişsel bozukluk ve Alzheimer hastalarını ayırt edebilme gücünün incelenmesi. Turk J Geriatr 2010;13:166-171.
[11] Beck AT,Ward CH,Mendelsön H, Mock, J., Erbaugh, J. An inventöry för measurinğ depressiön. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561-571. https:// DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.
[12] Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research 1989;28(2):193-213. https:// doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4.
[13] Ağargün MY, Kara H, Anlar Ö. Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksi’nin geçerliliği ve güvenirliliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 1996;7(2):107-115.
[14] Izci B, Ardic S, Firat H, Sahin A, Altinors M, Karacan I. Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep Breath 2008;12(2):161-168. https:// doi: 10.1007/s11325-007-0145-7.
[15] Hoddes E, Zarcone V, Smythe H, Phillips R, Dement WC. Quantification of sleepiness: a newapproach. Psychophysiol 1973;10(4):431-436. https:// DOI: 10.1111/j.14698986.1973.tb00801.x.
[16] Boysan M, Güleç M, Beşiroğlu L. Uykusuzluk şiddeti indeksinin Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2000;11:248-252.
[17] Carfi A, Bernabei R, Landi F, Gemelli A. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19, JAMA 2020; 324(6):603–605. https:// doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603.
[18] Go¨ertz YMJ, Van Herck M, Delbressine JM, Vaes AW, Meys R, Machado FVC, et al. Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome? ERJ. Open. Res. 2020;6 (4):00542-2020. https:// doi: 10.1183/23120541.00542-2020.
[19] Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Sebastienelli L, Engl M, Romenollo R, Nardone R, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. J Neurol Sci. 2021;15(420):117271. https://DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117271.
[20] Shanbehzadeh S, Tavahomi M, Zanjari N, Ebrahimi-Takamjani I, Amiri-Arimi S. Physical and mental health complications postCOVID-19: Scoping review. Psychosom Res 2021;147:110525. https://Doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110525.
[21] Helms J, Kremer S, Merdji H, Clere-Jehl R, Schenck M, Kummerlen C, et al. Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382(23):2268–2270. https://doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2008597.
[22] Boyle PA, Malloy PF, Salloway S, Cahn-Weiner DA, Cohen R, Cummings JL. Executive dysfunction and apathy predict functional impairment in Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2003;11(2):214–221. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200303000-00012.
[23] McIntosh RC, Rosselli M, Uddin LQ, Antoni M. Neuropathological sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus and apathy: a review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2015;55:147–164. https://DOI:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.008.
[24] Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G, Adams A, Harvey O, McLean L, et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol. 2021;93:1013–1022. https://DOI:10.1002/jmv.26368.
[25] Tomasoni D, Bai F, Castoldi R, Barbanotti D, Falcinella C, Mule G, et al. Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in Milan, Italy. J. Med. Virol. 2021;93:1175–1179. https://DOI:10.1002/jmv.26459.
[26] Mendez R, Balanza-Martinez V, Luperdi SC, Estarada I, Latorre A, González-Jiménez P, et al. Short-term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of Life in COVID-19 survivors. J Intern Med 2021;290(3):621-631. https://doi: 10.1111/joim.13262.
[27] Ridderinkhof KR, van den Wildenberg WP, Segalowitz SJ, Carter CS. Neurocognitive mechanisms of cognitive control: the role of prefrontal cortex in action selection, response inhibition, performance monitoring, and reward-based learning. Brain Cogn. 2004;56(2):129–140. https:// DOI:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.016
[28] Garcia-Oscos F, Salgado H, Hall S, Thomas F, Farmer GE, Bermeo J, et al. The stress-induced cytokine interleukin-6 decreases the inhibition/excitation ratio in the rat temporal cortex via trans-signaling, Biol. Psychiatry 2012;71(7):574–582. https://DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.018.
[29] McKlveen JM, Morano RL, Fitzgerald M, Zoubovsky S, Cassella SN, Scheimann JR, et al. Chronic stress increases prefrontal inhibition: a mechanism for stressinduced prefrontal dysfunction, Biol. Psychiatry 2016;80:754–764. https://DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.2101.
[30] Northoff G, Sibille E. Why are cortical GABA neurons relevant to internal focus indepression? A cross-level model linking cellular, biochemical and neural network findings, Mol. Psychiatry 2014;19(9):966–977. https://doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.68.
[31] Fogaca MW, Duman RS. Cortical GABAergic dysfunction in stress and depression:new insights for therapeutic interventions, Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2019;13:87. https://doi: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00087.
[32] Krabbe D, Ellbin S, Nilsson M, Jonsdottir I, Samuelsson H. Executive function and attention in patients with stress-related exhaustion: perceived fatigue and effect of distraction. Stress 2017;20(4):333–340. https://doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1336533.
[33] Delorme C, Paccoud O, Kas A, Hesters A, Bombois S, Shambrook P, et al. Covid-19 related encephalopathy: A case series with brain FDG-PET/CT findings. Eur. J. Neurol. 2020;27:2651–2657. https:// DOI:10.1111/ene.14478.
[34] Guedj E, Million M, Dudouet P, Tissot-Dupont H, Bregeon F, Camilleri S, et al. 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in postSARS-CoV-2 infection: Substrate for persistent/delayed disorders? Eur. J. Nucl.Med. Mol. Imaging 2020;30:1–4. https://DOI:10.1007/s00259-020-04973-x.
[35] Roelcke U, Kappos L, Lechner-Scott J, Brunnschweiler H, Huber S, Ammann W, et al. Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue: A 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. Neurology 1997;48:1566–1571. https://DOI:10.1212/wnl.48.6.1566
[36] Bakshi R, Shaikh ZA, Miletich RS, Czarnecki D, Dmochowski J, Henschel K, et al. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis and its relationship to depression and neurologic disability. Mult. Scler. 2000;6:181–185. https://DOI:10.1177/135245850000600308.
[37] Blinkenberg M, Rune K, Jensen CV, Ravnborg MH, Kyllingsbaek S, Holm S, et al. Reduced metabolism in cerebral cortex correlates with MRI changes and cognitive dysfunction in patients with disseminated sclerosis. Ugeskr Laeger 2001;163:3788–3792.
[38] Koenigs M, Grafman J. The functional neuroanatomy of depression: distinct roles for ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res. 2009;201:239-243. https://DOI:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.004.
[39] Bora E, Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Yücel M, Pantalis C. Meta-analysis of volumetric abnormalities in cortico-striatal-pallidalthalamic circuits in majordepressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2012;42:671-681. https:// doi: 10.1017/S0033291711001668.
[40] Arab-Zozani M, Hashemi F, Safari H, Yousefi M, Ameri H. Health-related quality of life and its associated factors in COVID-19 patients, Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 2020;11:296–302. https:// DOI:10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.5.05
[41] Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B, Lant S, Michael BD, Easton A, et al. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(9):763-785. https:// doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0.
[42] Wostyn P. COVID-19 and chronic fatigue syndrome: Is the worst yet to come? J. Med. Hypotheses. 22021;146:110469. https://DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110469
[43] Komaroff AL, Bateman L. Will COVID-19 lead to myalgic ENcephalomyelitis/ chronic fatigue syndrome? J. Front. Med. 2021;7:1132. https:// DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.606824.
[44] Disser NP, De Micheli AJ, Schonk MM, Konnaris MA, Piacentini AN, Edon DL, et al. Musculoskeletal consequences of COVID-19. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2020;102:1197–1204. https:// doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.00847.
[45] Ahmed H, Patel K, Greenwood DC, Halpin S, Lewthwaite P, Salawu A, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Rehabil. Med. 2020;52:1–11. https:// doi: 10.2340/16501977-2694.
[46] Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Poletti, S, Vai B, Bollettini I, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594–600. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037.
[47] Mazza MG, Palladini M, De Lorenzo R, Magnaghi C, Poletti S, Furlan R, et al. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav. Immun. 2021;94:138–147. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021.
[48] Demyttenaere K, De Fruyt J, Stahl SM. The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8(1):93–105. https:// doi: 10.1017/S1461145704004729.
[49] Husain M, Roiser JP. Neuroscience of apathy and anhedonia: a transdiagnostic Approach. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2018;19(8):470–484. https:// DOI: 10.1038/s41583-018-0029-9.
[50] Ohayon MM, Vecchierini MF. Daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162:201-208. https:// doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.2.201.
[51] Wu C, Hu X, Song J, Yang D, Xu J, Cheng K, et al. Mental health status and related influencing factors of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China. Clin. Trans. Med. 2020;10:e52. https:// DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.52
[52] Chen KY, Li T, Gong F, Zhang JS, Li XK. Predictors of health-related quality of life and influencing factors for COVID-19 patients, a follow-up at one month. Front. Psychiatry. 2020;11:668. https:// DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00668