Volume 2, Issue 1, No.1 PDF DOWNLOAD
  • Title:
  • Control of weight: how do we get fat
  • Author:

    Rehan Haider

  • Author Affiliation:

    Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Received:Jun.28, 2023
  • Accepted:Jul.13, 2023
  • Published:Aug.1, 2023
Abstract
Research over the past two decades has provided an unprecedented expansion of our knowledge regarding the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating body weight and body fat [1]. One great step was the cloning of genes corresponding to the five types of obesity in experimental animals that were due to single genes, so-called monogenic obesity syndromes, and the ensuing characterization of their human counterparts to these syndromes [2,3]. Subsequent research has added several other genes with fewer effects to the list of genes that modify obesity [4]. Extensive molecular and reverse genetic studies (mouse knockouts) have helped identify critical pathways regulating body fat and food intake and have validated or refuted the importance of previously identified pathways. This study reviews rapidly expanding literature from two perspectives. The first is an epidemiological approach that considers the environmental agents that affect human beings. The second views body weight regulation from a "set-point" or homeostatic approach by considering how one part of the metabolic system communicates with another and how this system may be "overridden" by hedonic or pleasure centers. The epidemiological approach examines the impact of environmental agents on human body weight. Factors such as diet, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and cultural influences are analyzed to understand their contribution to weight gain and obesity. By identifying these environmental factors, interventions can be developed to promote healthier lifestyles and prevent excessive weight gain. The "set-point" or homeostatic approach explores the intricate communication between different components of the metabolic system in regulating body weight. It investigates how signals from adipose tissue, the hypothalamus, and other organs interact to maintain a balance between energy intake and expenditure. Furthermore, the study explores the potential influence of hedonic or pleasure centers in overriding homeostatic regulation, leading to overeating and weight gain. Understanding the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors is crucial in addressing the rising global obesity epidemic. By elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying weight regulation, researchers can develop targeted therapies and interventions to combat obesity effectively. 
Keywords

Weight gain, obesity, caloric imbalance, genetics hormonal factors, emotional factors and stress management.

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