Volume 2, Issue 1, No.2 PDF DOWNLOAD
  • Title:
  • Unraveling Insulin's Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Analysis
  • Author:

    Rehan Haider

  • Author Affiliation:

    Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

  • Received:Jun.28, 2023
  • Accepted:Jul.13, 2023
  • Published:Aug.1, 2023
Abstract
Insulin, a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by pancreatic β-cells, exerts a wide range of anabolic effects on multiple tissues. It plays a crucial role in maintaining complete-frame gas homeostasis by promoting carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid uptake and storage in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver. Insulin stimulates glucose transportation and storage as glycogen in skeletal muscle, while simultaneously inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. In adipocytes, it enhances glucose uptake, glycerol synthesis, and triglyceride formation while suppressing lipolysis. During fasting periods, decreased circulating insulin levels and increased secretion of counter-regulatory hormones lead to the breakdown of stored fuels, providing metabolic substrates for cellular energy. The dynamic changes in insulin levels during feeding and fasting states play a key role in fuel metabolism and blood glucose regulation. Additionally, insulin influences protein catabolism, translation, cell growth, differentiation, and survival through mitogenic and anti-apoptotic processes, resulting in a net synergistic effect on various biological pathways. 
Keywords

Insulin receptors, insulin movement, insulin receptor substrate, pleckstrin homology domain, protein tyrosine phosphatase.

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